Planning Policy • FZ2 & FZ3 • Sequential & Exception Tests

Sequential Test & Exception Test for Planning

Expert Sequential Test and Exception Test submissions for planning in Flood Zone 2 and 3 — written to satisfy all LPAs across England and Wales.

Sequential Test evidence
Exception Test submissions
All LPA areas
NPPF compliant
17+ years' experience

What Is the Sequential Test?

The Sequential Test is a planning policy requirement under the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) designed to steer development to areas at the lowest risk of flooding. Where development is proposed in Flood Zone 2 or 3 (or on a site over 1 hectare in Flood Zone 1), applicants must demonstrate that there are no reasonably available alternative sites in areas with a lower probability of flooding.

Environment Agency Flood Zone map showing Flood Zone 1, 2 and 3 classifications for planning

The Sequential Test is applied by Local Planning Authorities and must be passed before planning permission can be granted for most development in flood risk areas. If suitable lower-risk sites are available, the Sequential Test will fail and the application is likely to be refused.

A well-prepared Sequential Test submission, supported by a robust Flood Risk Assessment, is essential for securing planning permission for development in Flood Zone 2 or 3.

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What Is the Exception Test?

The Exception Test applies where the Sequential Test has been passed but the development still needs to be located in a flood risk area. It is required for more vulnerable uses (such as housing) in Flood Zone 3a, and for essential infrastructure in Flood Zones 2 and 3.

The Exception Test has two parts, and both must be satisfied for planning permission to be granted:

Part 1: The development must provide wider sustainability benefits to the community that outweigh the flood risk.

Part 2: The development must be safe for its lifetime taking account of the vulnerability of its users, without increasing flood risk elsewhere, and where possible, reduce flood risk overall.

NPPF Exception Test requirements table showing which flood zones and development types require the Sequential and Exception Test

When Do You Need These Tests?

Sequential Test Only

Required for development in Flood Zone 2, or for less vulnerable uses (e.g. commercial) in Flood Zone 3a. Also applies to sites over 1ha in FZ1 and major developments.

Sequential Test + Exception Test

Required for more vulnerable uses (e.g. housing, care homes, schools) in Flood Zone 3a, and for essential infrastructure in Flood Zones 2 and 3.

Sequential Test — Not Required

Minor development within the existing building footprint (e.g. extensions), changes of use to equal or lower vulnerability, and some permitted development may be exempt.

SEQUENTIAL TEST FLOWCHART Is the site in Flood Zone 2 or 3? (or FZ1 >1ha / major dev) No FRA needed Apply the Sequential Test Are lower-risk sites available? Test fails Refusal Sequential Test passed Is Exception Test required? No — FRA only needed EXCEPTION TEST (two parts) 1. Wider sustainability benefits outweigh flood risk 2. Development safe for its lifetime ✓ FRA submitted with planning Sequential / Exception evidence included

What We Provide

We prepare Sequential Test and Exception Test submissions as part of our Flood Risk Assessment service or as standalone instructions.

Sequential Test Evidence

Definition of search area, reasoned justification, site identification and flood risk classification of alternatives, and a structured Sequential Test report meeting NPPF requirements.

Exception Test Submissions

Preparation of Part 1 sustainability benefits evidence and Part 2 site safety demonstration, integrated with the Flood Risk Assessment and drainage strategy.

Flood Risk Assessments

Comprehensive FRAs for Flood Zone 2 and 3 developments, including climate change, safe access and egress, flood resilience and surface water drainage strategy where required.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Sequential Test in planning?
The Sequential Test is a planning policy requirement under the NPPF that requires Local Planning Authorities to direct development to areas at the lowest risk of flooding. Applicants for development in Flood Zone 2 or 3 must demonstrate that there are no reasonably available alternative sites in lower flood risk areas. The Sequential Test must be passed before the Exception Test can be applied.
When is the Exception Test required?
The Exception Test is required when a Sequential Test has been passed but the development is in Flood Zone 3 and involves a more vulnerable use (such as housing), or is in Flood Zone 2 or 3 for essential infrastructure. It has two parts: the development must provide wider sustainability benefits that outweigh flood risk, and it must be demonstrated that the development will be safe for its lifetime without increasing flood risk elsewhere.
Can you prepare a Sequential Test submission for my site?
Yes — we prepare Sequential Test and Exception Test submissions as part of our Flood Risk Assessment service, or as standalone instructions. We have extensive experience producing Sequential Test evidence for residential, commercial and mixed-use developments across all LPA areas in England and Wales.
What evidence is needed for the Sequential Test?
A Sequential Test submission typically requires a defined search area, a reasoned justification for the area, identification of all alternative sites within that area, assessment of their flood risk classification, and a reasoned argument demonstrating why no suitable lower-risk alternative sites exist. The scope of evidence required varies by LPA and the scale of the development.
What happens if the Sequential Test fails?
If the Sequential Test cannot be passed — i.e. there are reasonably available alternative sites in lower flood risk areas — then planning permission should be refused unless exceptional circumstances apply. If you are uncertain whether your site can pass the Sequential Test, contact us for free preliminary advice before committing to a planning application.

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“The service received was great and at a competitive cost. We were granted planning after first submission.”

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“Fast, technically thorough and understood exactly what the LLFA needed. Approved without any queries. Highly recommended for any flood risk or drainage work.”

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